Lignosulphonates that supply fermentable oligosaccharides affect cecal and colonic pH, and microflora populations, and they ultimately may be beneficial to gastrointestinal tract health. George Fahey, et. al., University of Illinois (1998). "Selected lignosulphonate fractions affect growth performance, digestibility, and cecal and colonic properties in rats." J. Anim. Sci. 76:1626-1635. A significant reduction in cecal pH occurred when calcium lignosulphonate was added to the feed. Data indicated that CaLS and FOS enhanced fermentation in the ceca. Ed Moran, et. al., Auburn University, (1992). "Reduction in pH of cecal contents with broiler chicks given probiotic and soluble complex carbohydrates supplemented to the starting feed." Poultry Sci. 71 S:167. Feeding 1.5% of lignosulphonate improved gain and feed conversion and had no impact on wet litter. A. Kivimäe (1978). "Effects of lignosulphonates on poultry when used as a binder in compounded feed." Arch. Geflügelk. 1978, 42, 238-245 Lignosulphonate had an energy value of 2.33 kcal/kg. Park Waldroup, et. al., University of Arkansas. "Determination of the metabolizable energy of a lignosulphonate pellet binder." (1968) Poultry Sci. 47:592-597